<1 cup/day), 8–11% when consuming 1+ cups of tea/day (vs. After multivariable adjustment, the odds of pneumonia ( p ≤ 0.001 for all) were lower by 6–9% when consuming 1–3 cups of coffee/day (vs. Increased consumption of red meat was associated with a significantly higher risk. Increased consumption of coffee, tea, oily fish, and fruit at baseline were significantly and independently associated with a lower risk of future pneumonia events. Results: Of 470,853 UKB participants, 4.0% had pneumonia and 0.2% had influenza during follow up. We considered effect modification by sex and genetic factors related to pneumonia, COVID-19, and caffeine metabolism. Logistic regression estimated the odds of pneumonia/influenza from baseline to 31 December 2019 with each dietary component, adjusting for baseline socio-demographic factors, medical history, and other lifestyle behaviors. Baseline, self-reported (2006–2010) dietary behaviors included being breastfed as a baby and intakes of coffee, tea, oily fish, processed meat, red meat (unprocessed), fruit, and vegetables. Methods: Pneumonia and influenza diagnoses were retrieved from hospital and death record data linked to the UKB. Background: Based on our recently reported associations between specific dietary behaviors and the risk of COVID-19 infection in the UK Biobank (UKB) cohort, we further investigate whether these associations are specific to COVID-19 or extend to other respiratory infections.
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